Doctor holding an X-ray of a knee joint after knee replacement 手术
Doctor holding an X-ray of a knee joint after knee replacement 手术
Doctor holding an X-ray of a knee joint after knee replacement 手术

膝关节置换术

什么是膝关节置换手术?

膝关节置换, 也称为膝关节置换术或全膝关节置换术, 是外科手术吗 修复因关节炎而损伤的膝盖. 金属和塑料部件用于 cap the ends of the bones that form 膝关节, along with 我的膝盖cap. This 手术 may be considered for someone who has severe arthritis or a 严重膝伤.

各种类型的关节炎都可能影响膝关节. 骨关节炎, degenerative joint disease that affects mostly middle-aged and older adults, may cause the breakdown of joint cartilage and adjacent bone in the knees. 类风湿性关节炎,引起滑膜炎症 membrane and results in excessive synovial fluid, can lead to pain and 刚度. 创伤性关节炎,由于关节炎的损伤,可能会造成损伤 到膝盖的软骨.

The goal of knee replacement 手术 is to resurface the parts of 我的膝盖 joint that have been damaged and to relieve knee pain that cannot be 受其他治疗控制.

膝关节解剖

膝关节解剖

关节是两块或两块以上骨头交汇的地方. 大多数关节都是 移动,让骨头移动. 基本上,膝盖是2长腿 由肌肉、韧带和肌腱连接在一起的骨头. 每个骨端 is covered with a layer of cartilage that absorbs shock and protects 我的膝盖.

There are 2 groups of muscles involved in 我的膝盖, including the 股四头肌(位于大腿前部) straighten the legs, and the hamstring muscles (located on the back of 大腿),它使腿在膝盖处弯曲.

Tendons are tough cords of connective tissue that connect muscles to bones. 韧带是连接骨头的弹性组织带. Some ligaments of 我的膝盖 provide stability and protection of the joints, while other ligaments limit forward and backward movement of 胫骨(胫骨).

膝盖由以下部分组成:

  • Tibia. 这是小腿的胫骨或更大的骨头.

  • Femur. 这是大腿骨或上腿骨.

  • 髌骨. 这是膝盖.

  • 软骨. 骨膜一种覆盖在关节骨表面的组织. 软骨有助于减少关节内运动时的摩擦.

  • 滑膜. 连接关节并将其密封在关节内的组织 胶囊. 滑膜分泌滑液(a) 关节周围的(透明的,粘稠的液体)润滑它.

  • 韧带. 一种坚硬的、有弹性的结缔组织,围绕在 关节提供支持和限制关节的运动.

  • Tendon. 一种坚硬的结缔组织,连接肌肉和 骨骼和帮助控制关节的运动.

  • 弯月面. 膝关节软骨和其他关节的弯曲部分 作为减震器,增加接触面积,加深 膝关节.

程序的原因

膝关节置换 手术 is a treatment for pain and disability in the knee. 最常见的情况导致需要膝关节 置换手术是骨关节炎.

Osteoarthritis is characterized by the breakdown of joint cartilage. Damage to the cartilage and bones limits movement and may cause pain. People with severe degenerative joint disease may be unable to do normal activities that involve bending at 我的膝盖, such as walking or 爬楼梯,因为疼. 膝盖可能肿胀或疼痛 “让步”是因为关节不稳定.

膝盖手术照片

Other forms of arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis and arthritis that results from a knee injury, may also lead to degeneration of 我的膝盖 joint. In addition, fractures, torn cartilage, and/or torn ligaments may 对膝关节造成不可逆转的损伤.

If medical treatments are not satisfactory, knee replacement 手术 may be 有效的治疗方法. 退行性关节的一些药物治疗 疾病可能包括但不限于以下情况:

  • 抗炎药物

  • 葡萄糖胺和硫酸软骨素

  • 止痛药

  • 限制疼痛活动

  • 辅助行走装置(如手杖)

  • 物理治疗

  • 膝关节注射可的松

  • Viscosupplementation injections (to add lubrication into the joint 使关节运动不那么痛苦)

  • 减肥(肥胖人士)

There may be other reasons for your doctor to recommend a knee replacement 手术.

研讨会 膝关节关节炎的处理

医生检查推荐十大正规网赌平台的膝盖
你被诊断患有膝盖关节炎吗? 观看本网络研讨会. Vishal对冲基金, hip and knee surgeon and Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery at Johns Hopkins as he discusses the diagnosis and management of knee osteoarthritis and treatment options to improve your function to get you back to the activities you enjoy.

手术风险

与任何外科手术一样,并发症也会发生. 一些可能的 complications may include, but are not limited to, the 后:

  • 出血

  • 感染

  • 腿部或肺部有血块

  • 假体松动或磨损

  • 骨折

  • 持续疼痛或僵硬

The replacement knee joint may become loose, be dislodged, or may not work 这是我们想要的. 关节可能需要再次更换 future.

Nerves or blood vessels in the area of 手术 may be injured, resulting in 虚弱或麻木. 关节疼痛可能不能通过手术缓解.

There may be other risks depending on your specific medical condition. Be sure to discuss any concerns with your doctor prior to the 过程.

手术前

  • Your doctor will explain the 过程 to you and offer you the 有机会问任何你可能对 过程.

  • You will be asked to sign a consent form that gives your permission 做这个手术. 仔细阅读表格并提出问题 有些事情还不清楚.

  • In addition to a complete medical history, your doctor may perform a complete physical examination to ensure you are in good health 在接受手术前. 你可能需要验血或者 其他诊断测试.

  • Notify your doctor if you are sensitive to or are allergic to any 药物、胶乳、胶布和麻醉剂(局部和局部) 将军).

  • 通知你的医生所有的药物(处方和 你正在服用的非处方药和草药补充剂.

  • Notify your doctor if you have a history of 出血 disorders or if you are taking any anticoagulant (blood-thinning) medications, 阿司匹林或其他影响血液凝固的药物. 可能是 necessary for you to stop these medications prior to the 过程.

  • If you are pregnant or suspect that you are pregnant, you should 通知你的医生.

  • You will be asked to fast for eight hours before the 过程, 一般在午夜之后.

  • 你可能会在手术前服用镇静剂来帮助你 relax.

  • You may meet with a physical therapist prior to your 手术 to 讨论康复.

  • 安排一个人帮忙做一两个星期的家务 在你出院之后.

  • 根据您的医疗状况,您的医生可能会要求您使用其他药物 具体的制备.

术前教育

男推荐十大正规网赌平台和他的女儿听从医生的指示
Johns Hopkins offers educational sessions to help you prepare for knee replacement 手术. 在课堂上, we'll review important aspects of your care and what to expect before and after 手术. You will be able to ask questions and meet many of the staff who will be caring for you in the hospital.

在手术过程中

膝关节置换术需要住院. 程序可能会有所不同 这取决于你的情况和医生的做法.

膝关节置换 手术 is most often performed while you are asleep 全身麻醉下. 你的麻醉师会和你的医生讨论 请提前告知.

一般来说,膝关节置换手术遵循以下过程:

  1. 他们会要求你脱下衣服,给你一件长袍 穿.

  2. 静脉(IV)线可能开始在你的手臂或手.

  3. 你将被安置在手术台上.

  4. 可以插入导尿管.

  5. 如果手术部位有过多的毛发,可能是 剪掉.

  6. The anesthesiologist will continuously monitor your heart rate, 血压,呼吸,血氧水平 手术.

  7. 手术部位的皮肤将用清洁剂清洁 防腐解决方案.

  8. 医生将在膝盖处开一个切口.

  9. 医生会切除膝关节受损的表面 用假体重塑膝关节的表面. 我的膝盖 假肢是由金属和塑料制成的. 最常见的 人工膝关节是一种骨水泥假体. 非骨水泥假体已经不常用了. 一个巩固 假体用手术用的水泥附着在骨头上. An 无骨水泥的假体用多孔材料附着在骨头上 骨头生长并附着于假体的表面. 有时,使用这两种类型的组合来代替a knee.

    假体一般由3个部分组成 胫骨部分(胫骨或胫骨的顶部) bone); the femoral [thigh bone] component (to resurface the end of the thighbone; and the patellar component (to resurface the 与大腿骨摩擦的膝盖骨底部).

  10. 切口将用缝线或手术订书钉缝合.

  11. 可在切口处放置引流管以排出液体.

  12. 将使用无菌绷带或敷料.

手术后

在医院里

手术后,你将被带到恢复室 观察. 一旦你的血压、脉搏和呼吸稳定了 如果你保持警觉,就会被带到你的病房. Knee replacement 手术 usually requires an in-hospital stay of several days.

手术后开始活动新关节是很重要的. 一个物理 therapist will meet with you soon after your 手术 and plan an 适合你的锻炼计划. 连续被动运动(CPM)机器可以 用来开始物理治疗. 这台机器移动你的新膝盖 当你躺在床上休息时,通过关节的活动范围. Your pain will be controlled with medication so that you can participate in 行使. 我们会给你一份锻炼计划,让你在 住院和出院后.

你会出院回家或者去康复中心. 在这两种 case, your doctor will arrange for continuation of physical therapy 直到你恢复肌肉力量和良好的活动范围.

在家里

Once you are home, it is important to keep the surgical area clean and dry. 你的医生会给你具体的洗澡指导. The stitches or surgical staples will be removed during a follow-up office visit.

To help reduce swelling, you may be asked to elevate your leg or apply 膝盖结冰.

Take a pain reliever for soreness as recommended by your doctor. Aspirin or certain other pain medications may increase the chance of 出血. 一定要只服用推荐的药物.

通知你的医生报告以下任何情况:

  • Fever

  • 发红、肿胀、出血或其他从 切口的网站

  • 切口周围疼痛加剧

除非医生建议,否则你可以恢复正常饮食 不同的.

在医生告诉你之前,你不应该开车. 其他活动 可能会有限制. 手术后的完全恢复可能需要好几天 months.

It is important that you avoid falls after your knee replacement 手术,因为跌倒会对新关节造成损伤. Your therapist may recommend an assistive device (cane or walker) to help 你一直走,直到你的力量和平衡有所改善.

Making certain modifications to your home may help you during your 复苏. 这些修改包括但不限于 后:

  • 所有楼梯都设有扶手

  • 淋浴或浴缸的安全扶手

  • 淋浴凳或椅子

  • 凸起马桶盖

  • 长柄海绵和淋浴软管

  • 敷料贴

  • 袜子的援助

  • 长柄鞋角

  • 用棍子抓东西

  • 去除松动的地毯和电线,可能会导致你 去旅行

  • 在医生建议之前避免爬楼梯

Your doctor may give you additional or alternate instructions after the 程序,取决于你的具体情况.

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